Which of the Following Statements Is True of Single-parent Families?

Blazon of parent

A single parent is a person who lives with a child or children and who does not have a spouse or live-in partner. Reasons for condign a single parent include divorce, break-upward, abandonment, domestic violence, rape, decease of the other parent, childbirth by a single person or unmarried-person adoption. A unmarried parent family is a family with children that is headed by a single parent.^[one] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

History [edit]

Unmarried parenthood has been mutual historically due to parental mortality rate due to disease, wars, homicide, work accidents and maternal bloodshed. Historical estimates indicate that in French, English, or Spanish villages in the 17th and 18th centuries at least ane-third of children lost one of their parents during childhood; in 19th-century Milan, virtually half of all children lost at least ane parent by age xx; in 19th-century Communist china, almost one-tertiary of boys had lost ane parent or both by the age of xv.^[5] Such single parenthood was often short in duration, since remarriage rates were high.^[6]

Divorce was generally rare historically (although this depends by culture and era), and divorce especially became very difficult to obtain after the fall of the Roman Empire, in Medieval Europe, due to strong involvement of ecclesiastical courts in family unit life (though annulment and other forms of separation were more common).^[vii]

Demographics [edit]

Households [edit]

Among all households in OECD countries in 2011, the proportion of single-parent households was in 3-11% the range, with an average of seven.5%. It was highest in Commonwealth of australia (10%), Canada (ten%), United mexican states (ten%), U.s.a. (10%), Lithuania (10%), Republic of costa rica (11%), Latvia (11%) and New Zealand (11%), while information technology was lowest in Japan (three%), Greece (four%), Switzerland (4%), Bulgaria (five), Croatia (5%), Frg (5%), Italy (5%) and Cyprus (v%). The proportion was 9% in both Ireland and the Uk.^[8]

Amongst households with children in 2005/09, the proportion of single-parent households was 10% in Nihon, 16% in the Netherlands, xix% in Sweden, xx% in France, 22% in Kingdom of denmark, 22% in Germany, 23% in Ireland, 25% in Canada, 25% in the United Kingdom, and xxx% in the Usa. The U.S. proportion increased from 20% in 1980 to thirty% in 2008.^[9]

In all OECD countries, most unmarried-parent households were headed by a mother. The proportion headed by a male parent varied between ix% and 25%. Information technology was lowest in Estonia (9%), Costa rica (10%), Cyprus (10%), Japan (10%), Ireland (10%) and the United kingdom (12%), while it was highest in Norway (22%), Spain (23%), Sweden (24%), Romania (25%) and the U.s. (25%). These numbers were not provided for Canada, Australia or New Zealand.^[8]

Children [edit]

In 2016/17, the proportion of children living in a single-parent household varied betwixt 6% and 28% in the dissimilar OECD countries, with an OECD country average of 17%. It was lowest in Turkey (2015, half-dozen%), Greece (8%), Croatia (8%) and Poland (ten%), while it was highest in France (23%), Uk (23%), Kingdom of belgium (25%), Lithuania (25%), Us (27%) and Latvia (28%). It was 19% in Ireland and Canada.^[ten]

Amid children living in a single-parent household, most live primarily with their mother, others primarily with their father, while other children have a shared parenting organization where they spend an approximately equal corporeality of time with their two parents. Amongst those living primarily with one single parent, most live with their mother. In 2016 (or latest year available), the proportion of vi-12 year olds living primarily with their single father ranged between five% and 36% among the different OECD countries. It was highest in Belgium (17%), Iceland (19%), Slovenia (20%), France (22%), Norway (23%) and Sweden (36%), while it was lowest in Lithuania (iv%), Ireland (5%), Poland (5%), Estonia (7%), Austria (7%) and the Uk (8%). It was fifteen% in the United States.^[11]

In 2005/06, the proportion of 11- to 15-year-old children living in a shared parenting arrangement versus with only one of their parents varied between ane% and 17%, being the highest in Sweden. Information technology was 5% in Ireland and the United States, and 7% in Canada and the United Kingdom.^[12] Past 2016/17, the percent in Sweden had increased to 28%.^[13]

Affect on parents [edit]

Unmarried mothers [edit]

Over 9.5 million American families are run past one woman. Single mothers are probable to have mental health bug, financial hardships, alive in a low income area, and receive low levels of social back up. All of these factors are taken into consideration when evaluating the mental health of single mothers. The occurrence of moderate to severe mental disability was more pronounced among single mothers at 28.vii% compared to partnered mothers at 15.7%.^[xiv] These mental disabilities include just are non express to anxiety and low. Financial hardships as well affect the mental health of single mothers. Women, ages 15–24, were more than probable to live in a depression socio-economic surface area, have one child, and non to take completed their senior year of high schoolhouse. These women reported to be in the two lowest income areas, and their mental health was much poorer than those in higher income areas.^[14]

A similar written report on the mental health of unmarried mothers attempted to respond the question, "Are there differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, betwixt married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers?" Statistically, never married, and separated/divorced mothers had the highest regularities of drug abuse, personality disorder and PTSD.^[15] The family structure can become a trigger for mental wellness bug in single mothers. They are especially at risk for having higher levels of depressive symptoms.^[16]

Studies from the 1970s showed that single mothers who are not financially stable are more than likely to feel low.^[17] In a more than current study it was proven that fiscal strain was direct correlated with sky rocket levels of depression.^[17] Amidst low-income, single mothers, depressive symptoms may be as high as lx%.^[18]

Inadequate access to mental health care services is prevalent amid impoverished women. Low-income women are less likely to receive mental health care for numerous reasons. Mental health services remain inequitable for low-income, more than so, low-income single women are more likely to suffer from low, feet, and other poor mental wellness outcomes. Researchers Copeland and Snyder (2011) addressed the barriers low-income single mothers have on receiving mental health care, "Visible barriers oftentimes include the lack of community resource, transportation, child care, user-friendly hours, and financial resources." Meanwhile, low-income single mothers are more probable to bring their children in for mental wellness treatment than themselves. Researchers Copeland and Snyder analyzed sixty-four African American mothers who brought their children in for mental health handling. These mothers were so screened for mild, moderate, and severe depression and/or anxiety. After iii months the researchers used an ethnographic interview to accost whether or not the participants used mental health services that were referred to them. Results indicated that the majority of the participants did not use the referred mental health intendance services for reasons that included: fear of losing their children, being hospitalized and/or stigmatized by their community counterparts.^[19]

Impact on children [edit]

According to David Blankenhorn,^[xx] Patrick Fagan,^[21] Mitch Pearlstein^[22] David Popenoe^[23] and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead,^[24] living in a single parent family is strongly correlated with schoolhouse failure and problems of delinquency, drug use, teenage pregnancies, poverty, and welfare dependency in the United States. Using multilevel modelling, Suet-Ling Pong has shown that a loftier proportion of American children from single parent families perform poorly on mathematics and reading accomplishment tests.^[25] ^[26]

In Sweden, Emma Fransson et al. have shown that children living with ane single parent have worse well-being in terms of physical health beliefs, mental wellness, peer friendships, bullying, cultural activities, sports, and family relationships, compared to children from intact families. Equally a contrast, children in a shared parenting arrangement that alive approximately equal amount of time with their divorced mother and male parent have about the aforementioned well-beingness as children from intact families and better outcomes than children with only one custodial parent.^[27]

The Britain Function for National Statistics has reported that children of single parents, after controlling for other variables similar family income, are more likely to have problems, including beingness twice equally likely to suffer from mental affliction.^[28] Both British and American researchers testify that children with no fathers are three times more likely to be unhappy, and are also more probable to engage in anti-social behavior, abuse substances and appoint in juvenile deliquency.^[29] ^[30]

Impact on American society [edit]

In 2017, the U.S Census Bureau published a report breaking down the number of children living in single parent households by the race of the family. The report plant dramatic disparities in the rates of single parent families among the races examined.^[31]

Cultural norms and attitudes [edit]

There is some debate among experts equally to what the of import component of the family structure is, especially in the Usa, centring on whether or not a complete family or the love and affection of the children'southward parents is more of import. At that place are even some that fence that a single-parent family is not even actually a family.^[32] In the U.s.a., where living standards are generally high, single-parent households are on average much poorer, a pattern largely explained past the lack of a second source of income in the home itself.^[33] With respect to this, recent public policy debates have centered on whether or not regime should give aid to single parent households, which some believe will reduce poverty and amend their situation, or instead focus on wider problems like protecting employment.^[34] In addition, at that place is a debate on the behavioral furnishings of children with incarcerated parents, and how losing one or both parents to incarceration affects their academic performance and social well-existence with others.^[35]

Information technology is encouraged that each parent respects the other, at least in the child's presence^{[ by whom? ]}, and provide kid back up for the primary caregiver, when parents are non married or separated.^[34] ^[36] The ceremonious behaviour among separated parents has a direct outcome on how the child copes with their situation; this is especially seen in younger children who do non withal understand their familial separation, requiring both parents to constitute a limited friendship to back up the upbringing of their kid.^[36]

Causes of single-parenthood [edit]

Widowed parents [edit]

Statue of a mother at the Yasukuni Shrine, dedicated to war widows who raised their children alone

Historically, death of a partner was a common cause of unmarried parenting. Diseases and maternal death not infrequently resulted in a widower or widow responsible for children. At certain times wars might as well deprive pregnant numbers of families of a parent. Improvements in sanitation and maternal care accept decreased mortality for those of reproductive age, making death a less common cause of single parenting.

Divorced parents [edit]

Divorce statistics [edit]

In 2009, the overall divorce rate was around 9/grand in the Usa. It was also establish that more influence came from the south, with the rates there being near 10.5/1000, as opposed to the north where it was around 7/1000.^[37] This resulted in about 1.five% (around 1 million) children living in the firm of a recently divorced parent in the same year.^[38] Forth with this, information technology has been shown that for the past 10 years or then, first marriages have a 40% chance of ending in divorce.^{[ citation needed ]} And, for other marriages after a outset divorce, the chance of some other divorce increases. In 2003, a study showed that well-nigh 69% of children in American living in a household that was a different structure than the typical nuclear family. This was broken down into about 30% living with a stepparent, 23% living with a biological mother, 6% with grandparents equally caregivers, 4% with a biological father, 4% with someone who was not a direct relative, and a small 1% living with a foster family.^[39]

Around the mid-1990s, there was a pregnant amount of single parents raising children, with 1.iii one thousand thousand single fathers and vii.vi million single mothers in the Usa alone.^{[ commendation needed ]} However, many parents want, or attempt, to get sole custody, which would make them a single parent, only are unsuccessful in the court procedure. There are many parents who may single parent, but exercise so without official custody, further biasing statistics.

Children and divorce [edit]

Child custody in reference to divorce refers to which parent is allowed to make of import decisions nigh the children involved. Physical custody refers to which parent the child lives with. Among divorced parents, "parallel parenting" refers to parenting after divorce in which each parent does then independently; this is most common. In comparison, cooperative parenting occurs when the parents involved in the child's life work together around all involved parties' schedules and activities, and this is far less common. After a certain "crunch period," nearly children resume normal development; nonetheless, their hereafter relationships are oft affected, every bit they lack a model upon which to base a good for you long-term relationship. Nonetheless, as adults children of divorcees cope better with change.^[40] ^[41] ^[42]

Children are affected by divorce in many different ways, varying by the circumstances and age of the child. Immature children ages ii to six are mostly the most fearful of parental separation, and often feel abandoned or dislocated. Both boys and girls accept the aforementioned amount of trouble coping, merely oftentimes show this in dissimilar ways. Nonetheless this age group adapts all-time to their situations, as they are often also immature to remember their non-custodial parent vividly. Children ages seven to twelve are much improve at expressing emotions and accepting parentage breakage, but ofttimes distrust their parents, rely on outside assist and support for encouragement, and may manifest social and academic problems. Adolescents cope the worst with divorce; they often struggle most with the change, and may even turn away from their family entirely, dealing with their situation on their ain. They oftentimes accept problems expressing feelings, similar to far younger children, and may have adjustment issues with long-term relationships due to these feelings.^[43] Keeping in touch on with both parents and having a salubrious relationship with both mother and father appears to accept the well-nigh effect on a child's behavior; which leads to an easier time coping with the divorce also as development through the child'southward life.^[44] Children will practise better with their parents divorce if they have a smooth aligning menses. One fashion to make this adjustment easier on children is to let them "remain in the same neighborhoods and schools following divorce."^[45]

Unmarried woman births [edit]

Unintended pregnancy [edit]

Some out-of-wedlock births are intended, but many are unintentional. Out-of-wedlock births are oft not acceptable to order, and they often upshot in single parenting. A partner may also exit every bit he or she may want to shirk responsibility of bringing up the child. This also may impairment the child.^[46] Where they are not acceptable, they sometimes effect in forced wedlock, however such marriages neglect more often than others.

In the The states, the rate of unintended pregnancy is higher among unmarried couples than amongst married ones. In 1990, 73% of births to unmarried women were unintended at the fourth dimension of conception, compared to near 44% of births overall.^[47]

Mothers with unintended pregnancies, and their children, are subject to numerous adverse wellness furnishings, including increased risk of violence and death, and the children are less likely to succeed in school and are more likely to alive in poverty and be involved in crime.

"Fragile Families" are usually caused by an unintended pregnancy out of matrimony. Commonly in this state of affairs the father is non completely in the picture and the relationship between the mother, father, and child is consistently unstable. Equally well as instability "fragile families" are often express in resources such equally human capital and financial resource, the kids that come from these families are more likely to be hindered within school and don't succeed equally well as kids who have strictly single parents or ii parent homes.^[48] Usually within these families the male parent plans to stick effectually and help raise the child but once the kid is born the fathers do not stay for much longer and just ane third stay after 5 years of the child's birth.^[49] Most of these fragile families come from low economic condition to begin with and the cycle appears to keep; once the child grows upward they are merely as likely to even so be poor and live in poverty too.^[50] Virtually delicate families end with the mother becoming a single parent, leaving information technology fifty-fifty more difficult to come out of the poverty cycle. The gender of the baby seems to take no outcome if the father is not living with the mother at the fourth dimension of the nascence, pregnant they are all the same probable to leave after one yr of the child'due south nascency. Yet there is some evidence that suggests that if the father is living with the mother at the time of the nascency he is more likely to stay after one twelvemonth if the kid is a son rather than a daughter.^[51]

Selection [edit]

Some individuals choose to become significant and parent on their own. Others choose to adopt. Typically referred to in the West equally "Single Mothers past Choice" or "Choice Moms" though, fathers also (less commonly) may choose to go unmarried parents through adoption or surrogacy. Many turn to unmarried parenthood past choice after not finding the correct person to heighten children with, and for women, it oftentimes comes out of a desire to have biological children before information technology is too late to do so.

Single-parent adoption [edit]

A single female parent and child

History of unmarried parent adoptions [edit]

Single parent adoptions take existed since the mid 19th century. Men were rarely considered as adoptive parents, and were considered far less desired. Often, children adopted past a single person were raised in pairs rather than lone, and many adoptions by lesbians and gay men were arranged every bit single parent adoptions. During the mid 19th century many state welfare officials made it difficult if not impossible for unmarried persons to prefer, as agencies searched for "normal" families with married men and women. In 1965, the Los Angeles Agency of Adoptions sought unmarried African-Americans for African-American orphans for whom married families could not be institute. In 1968, the Child Welfare League of America stated that married couples were preferred, merely there were "exceptional circumstances" where unmarried parent adoptions were permissible.^[52]

Not much has inverse with the adoption process since the 1960s. However, today, many countries but allow women to adopt as a single parent, and many others only allow men to adopt boys.^[53]

Considerations [edit]

Single parent adoptions are controversial. They are, however, yet preferred over divorcees, as divorced parents are considered an unnecessary stress on the kid.^[54] In i report, the interviewers asked children questions about their new lifestyle in a single-parent home. The interviewer establish that when asked about fears, a high proportion of children feared illness or injury to the parent. When asked virtually happiness, half of the children talked near outings with their single adoptive parent.^[55] A single person wanting to prefer a child has to be mindful of the challenges they may confront, and there are certain agencies that will not piece of work with single adoptive parents at all. Single parents will typically only take their own income to live off of, and thus might not have a fill-in program for potential children in case something happens to them.^[56] Traveling is besides made more than circuitous, as the child must either exist left in someone else'due south intendance, or taken along.^[57]

By country [edit]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

In 2003, fourteen% of all Australian households were single-parent families.^[58] In Australia 2011, out of all families 15.ix% were unmarried parent families. Out of these families 17.6% of the single parents were males, whilst 82.iv% were females.^[59]

Unmarried people are eligible to utilize for adoption in all states of Australia, except for Queensland and South Commonwealth of australia. They are able to apply for adoption both to Australian born and international born children, although not many other countries permit single parent adoptions.^[60]

Single parents in Australia are eligible for back up payments from the government, merely only if they are caring for at least one child under the age of viii.^[61]

New Zealand [edit]

At the 2013 census, 17.8% of New Zealand families were single-parent, of which five-sixths were headed by a female. Single-parent families in New Zealand have fewer children than two-parent families; 56% of unmarried-parent families accept but one child and 29% take two children, compared to 38% and 40% respectively for 2-parent families.^[62]

United kingdom [edit]

In the United Kingdom, about 1 out of four families with dependent children are single-parent families, viii to 11 pct of which have a male single-parent.^[63] ^[64] ^[65] UK poverty figures evidence that 52% of unmarried parent families are below the Government-defined poverty line (later housing costs).^[66] Single parents in the UK are almost twice as likely to be in depression-paid jobs every bit other workers (39% of working single parents compared with 21% of working people nationally). This is highlighted in a report published by Gingerbread, funded by Trust for London and Barrow Cadbury Trust.^[67]

U.s. [edit]

In the U.s., since the 1960s, at that place has been a marked increase in the number of children living with a single parent. The leap was caused by an increment in births to single women and by the increasing prevalence of divorces amidst couples. In 2010, 40.7% of births in the US were to unmarried women.^[68] In 2000, xi% of children were living with parents who had never been married, xv.6% of children lived with a divorced parent, and 1.ii% lived with a parent who was widowed.^[69] ^[70] The results of the 2010 Usa Census showed that 27% of children live with one parent, consequent with the emerging trend noted in 2000.^[71] The about contempo data of Dec 2011 shows approximately 13.7 1000000 single parents in the U.Due south.^[72] Mississippi leads the nation with the highest pct of births to single mothers with 54% in 2014, followed by Louisiana, New Mexico, Florida and Due south Carolina.^[73]

In 2020, 10.7 1000000 families in the US were headed by a single parent with children under the age of 18, 80% of which were headed by a female. ^[74] ^[75]

The newest demography bureau reports that between 1960 and 2016, the per centum of children living in families with two parents decreased from 88 to 69. Of those fifty.seven million children living in families with 2 parents, 47.7 million alive with ii married parents and iii.0 million live with two unmarried parents.^[76]

The per centum of children living with single parents increased essentially in the U.s.a. during the 2d half of the 20th century. According to a 2013 Kid Trends study, only 9% of children lived with unmarried parents in the 1960s—a effigy that increased to 28% in 2012.^[77] The main crusade of single parent families are high rates of divorce and non-marital childbearing.

Republic of india [edit]

The Supreme Court of India and various High Courts of Bharat have recognized the rights of single mothers to give birth and raise children.^[78] ^[79] The Loftier Court of Kerala, has alleged in a case argued by Advocate Aruna A. that, the birth registration regime cannot insist on the details of the father for registration of birth of a child born to a single mother, conceived through IVF.^[eighty] ^[81]

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